METAL INJECTING MOLDING

Metal Injecting molding (MIM)
Metal injecting molding forms complex metal shapes without the need for machining. Any small shape which can be envisioned as a plastic molded part is now available to the designer in a variety of standard or custom metal formulations through his net shape forming process. Material properties can be specifically tailored to meet non-standard requirements.

Applications:

• Surgical instruments
• Electronic packaging
• Automatic sensors
• Implants
• Tools

Materials:

Many popular materials are available, among them stainless steel, nickel iron, tungensten, copper, OHFC copper, molybdenum copper and tungsten alloys. Unique mixtures of compatible materials are possible.

Mass

Mass
Unit Name	Symbol	SI Equivalent
· a.u.of mass (electron rest mass)	mo,me	9.10938x10-31 kg
· assay ton		2.9167x10-2 kg
· atomic unit of mass (1H)	u,uma,AMU,Da(1H)	1.67353x10-27 kg
· atomic unit of mass (12C)	u,uma,AMU,Da(12C)	1.66054x10-27 kg
· atomic unit of mass (16O)	u,uma,AMU,Da(16O)	1.66001x10-27 kg
· attogram	ag	1x10-21 kg
· avogram		1.66036x10-24 kg
· bag(UK,cement)		42.6377 kg
· carat(metric)	ct.	2x10-4 kg
· carat(troy)	ct(troy)	2.05197x10-4 kg
· central	cH,cwt	45.3592 kg
· centigram	cg	1x10-5 kg
· dalton	u,uma,Da	1.66054x10-27 kg
· decagram	dag	1x10-2 kg
· decigram	dg	1x10-4 kg
· dram(troy)	dr (troy)	3.88793x10-3 kg
· dram or drachm	dr (ap), dr (apoth)	3.88793x10-3 kg
· dram or drachm (avoirdupois)	dr (av), dr (avdp)	1.77185x10-3 kg
· electront rest mass ( a.v.of mass )	mo,me	9.10939x10-31 kg
· exagram	Eg	1x1015 kg
· femtogram	fg	1x10-18 kg
· gamma (mass)	y	1x10-9 kg
· geepound (slug)	slug	14.5939 kg
· gigagram	Gg	1x106 kg
· grain (apothecary)	gr (apoth), gr (ap)	6.47989x10-5 kg
· grain (avoirdupois)	gr (avdp), gr (av)	6.47989x10-5 kg
· grain (troy)	gr (troy)	6.47989x10-5 kg
· gram	g	1x10-3 kg
· hectogram	hg	0.1 kg
· hundredweight(gross or long )	cH,cwt,lg cwt	50.8023 kg

Force

Force
Unit Name	Symbol	SI Equivalent
· a.u. of force	a.u.	8.23873x10-8 N
· crinal	crinal	0.1 N
· dyne	dyn	1x10-5 N
· gram force	gf	9.80665x10-3 N
· joule per centimeter	J/cm	100 N
· kilogram force	kgf,kgp	9.80665 N
· kilogram meter per square second	kg-m/s^2	1 N
· kilopound force	kipf	4448.22 N
· newton	N	1 N
· ounce force (av.)	ozf(av.)	0.278014 N
· pound force	lbf (av.),lbf	4.44822 N
· pound force foot per inch	lbf-ft/in	53.3786 N
· poundal	pdl	0.138255 N
· slug foot per square second	slug-ft/s^2	4.44822 N
· slug force		143.117 N
· square foot inch of mercury ( 0 C)	ft^2-inHg ( 0 C )	314.605 N
· square foot inch of mercury ( 15.56 C )	ft^2-inHg (15.56 C )	313.751 N
· ton force ( long )		9964.02 N
· ton force ( metric )		9806.65 N
· ton force ( short )		8896.44 N

Temperature

Temperature
Unit Name	Symbol	SI Equivalent
· celcius degree	C	(273.15+1x) K
· fahrenheit degree	F	(255.372+0.555556x) K
· kelvin	K	1 K
· rankine degree	R	0.555556 K
Temperature of color
Unit Name	Symbol	SI Equivalent
· mired		1x106 /K
Velocity change with temperature
Unit Name	Symbol	SI Equivalent
· foot per second per degree fahrenheit	ft/s-F	0.54864 m/s-K
· meter per second per degree celcius	m/s-C	1 m/s-K
· meter per second per kelvin	m/s-K	1 m/s-K

Alloy Steels

A. General Information
Alloy steels comprise a wide variety of steels which have compositions that exceed the limitations of C, Mn, Ni, Mo, Cr, Va, Si, and B which have been set for carbon steels. However, steels containing more than 3.99% chromium are classified differently as stainless and tool steels.
Alloy steels are always killed, but can use unique deoxidization or melting processes for specific applications. Alloy steels are generally more responsive to heat and mechanical treatments than carbon steel.

B. AISI Designation
Typically, alloy steels are designated by distinct AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute) four-digit numbers. The first two digits indicate the leading alloying elements, while the last two digits give the nominal carbon content of the alloy in hundredths of a percent. Occasionally we see five-digit designations where the last three digits tell that the carbon is actually over 1%. Here is an example:

If a B shows up between the second and third digits of an AISI number, it means that this grade is a Boron steel; Sometimes a suffix H is attached to a AISI number to indicate that the steel has been produced to prescribed hardenability limits.

Up : XXX :x.xx% average carbon content

Down : 51100

13	xx:1.75Mn	Manganese
23	xx:3.50Ni	Nickle
31	xx:1.25Ni, 0.65-0.80Cr	Nickle - Chromium
40	xx:0.20-0.25Mo	Molybdenum
44	xx:0.40-0.52Mo
41	xx:0.50-0.95Cr, 0.12-0.30Mo	Chromium - Molybdenum
46	xx:0.85-1.82Ni, 0.20-0.25Mo	Nickle - Molybdenum
48	xx:3.5Ni, 0.25Mo
50	xx:0.27-0.65Cr	Chromium
51	xx:0.80-1.05Cr
50	xxx:0.50Cr, 1.00C
51	xxx:1.02Cr, 1.00C
52	xxx:1.45Cr, 1.00C
61	xx:0.60-0.95Cr, 0.10-0.15V	Chromium - Vanadium
92	xx:1.4-2Si, 0.65-0.85Mn, <0.65cr	Silicon - Manganese
43	xx:1.82Ni, 0.50-0.80Cr, 0.25Mo	Nickle - Chromium - Molybdenum
47	xx:1.05Ni, 0.45Cr, 0.20-0.35Mo
81	xx:0.30Ni, 0.40Cr, 0.12Mo
86	xx:0.55Ni, 0.50Cr, 0.25Mo
87	xx:0.55Ni, 0.50Cr, 0.25Mo
88	xx:0.55Ni, 0.50Cr, 0.20-0.35Mo
93	xx:3.25Ni, 1.20Cr, 0.12Mo
94	xx:0.45Ni, 0.40Cr, 0.12Mo

If a B shows up between the second and third digits of an AISI number, it means that this grade is a Boron steel; Sometimes a suffix H is attached to a AISI number to indicate that the steel has been produced to prescribed hardenability limits.

Cooper

___ Cooper ___

29 Cu 63.546	Atomic Number	29
	Atomic Weight	63.546
	Electron Config.	2-2-6-2-6-10-1

Electron configuration order: 1s-2s-2p-3s-3p-3d-4s-4p-4d-4f-5s-5p-5d-5f-6s-6p-6d-7s

Mechanical Properties		Conditions
		Phase	Temp. (K)
Density	8960 kg/m^3	Solid	298.15
Modulus of Elasticity	110.316 GPa	Solid	0
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	1.650x1o^-5/K	Solid	298.15

Electrical Properties		Conditions
		Temp. (K)	Note
Electrical Resistivity	1.673x10^-8	293.15

Thermal Properties		Conditions
		Temp. (K)	Pressure (Pa)
Melting Temperature	1357.77 K		101325
Boiling Temperature	2835.15 K		101325
Critical Temperature	8280 K
Fusion Enthalpy	208.7 J/g	0	101325
Heat Capacity	385 J/kg-K	298.15	100000
Thermal Conductivity	401 W/m-K	300	101325

Stainless Steel

A. General Information
Stainless steels are high-alloy steels that have superior corrosion resistance than other steels because they contain large amounts of chromium. Stainless steels can contain anywhere from 4-30 percent chromium, however most contain around 10 percent. Stainless steels can be divided into three basic groups based on their crystalline structure: austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic. Another group of stainless steels known as precipitation-hardened steels are a combination of austenitic and martensitic steels. Below are the general compositional contents of these groups.

B. Grades
Ferritic grades: Ferritic stainless steels are magnetic non heat-treatable steels that contain chromium but not nickel. They have good heat and corrosion resistance, in particular sea water, and good resistance to stress-corrosion cracking. Their mechanical properties are not as strong as the austenitic grades, however they have better decorative appeal.

Martensitic grades: Martensitic grades are magnetic and can be heat-treated by quenching or tempering. They contain chromium but usually contain no nickel, except for 2 grades. Martensitic steels are not as corrosive resistant as austenitic or ferritic grades, but their hardness levels are among the highest of the all the stainless steels.

Austenitic grades: Austenitic stainless steels are non-magnetic non heat-treatable steels that are usually annealed and cold worked. Some austenitic steels tend to become slightly magnetic after cold working. Austenitic steels have excellent corrosion and heat resistance with good mechanical properties over a wide range of temperatures. There are two subclasses of austenitic stainless steels: chromium-nickel and chromium-manganese-low nickel steels. Chromium-nickel steels are the most general widely used steels and are also known as 18-8(Cr-Ni) steels. The chromium nickel ratio can be modified to improve formability; carbon content can be reduced to improve intergranular corrosion resistance. Molybdenum can be added to improve corrosion resistance; additionally the Cr-Ni content can be increased.